ADEL, Ga. – Billy Jerome Presley spent 17 months in a Georgia jail last year because he did not have $2,700 for a child support payment. He had no prior jail record but also no lawyer. In Baltimore last fall, Carl Hymes, 21, was arrested on charges of shining a laser into the eyes of a police officer. Bail was set at $75,000. He had no arrest record but also no lawyer. In West Orange, N.J., last summer, Walter Bloss, 89, was served with an eviction notice from the rent-controlled apartment he had lived in for 43 years after a dispute with his landlord. He had gone to court without a lawyer.

Fifty years ago, on March 18, 1963, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright that those accused of a crime have a constitutional right to a lawyer whether or not they can afford one. But as legal officials observe the anniversary of what is widely considered one of the most significant judicial declarations of equality under law, many say that the promise inherent in the Gideon ruling remains unfulfilled because so many legal needs still go unmet.

Civil matters – including legal issues like home foreclosure, job loss, spousal abuse and parental custody – were not covered by the decision.

Today, many states and counties do not offer lawyers to the poor in major civil disputes, and in some criminal ones as well. Those states that do are finding that more people than ever are qualifying for such help, making it impossible to keep up with the need. The result is that even while many law school graduates are now without work, many Americans are without lawyers.

The Legal Services Corp., the congressionally financed organization that provides lawyers to the poor in civil matters, says there are more than 60 million Americans – 35 percent more than in 2005 – who qualify for its services. But it calculates that 80 percent of the legal needs of the poor go unmet.

In state after state, according to a survey of trial judges, more people are now representing themselves in court and they are failing to present necessary evidence, committing procedural errors and poorly examining witnesses, all while new lawyers remain unemployed.

"Some of our most essential rights – those involving our families, our homes, our livelihoods – are the least protected," Chief Justice Wallace B. Jefferson of the Texas Supreme Court said in a recent speech at New York University. He noted that a family of four earning $30,000 annually does not qualify for legal aid in many states.

James J. Sandman, president of the Legal Services Corp., said, "Most Americans don't realize that you can have your home taken away, your children taken away and you can be a victim of domestic violence but you have no constitutional right to a lawyer to protect you."

The World Justice Project, a nonprofit group started through the American Bar Association, reports the United States is 66th out of 98 countries in access to and affordability of civil legal services.

"In most countries, equality before the law means equality between those of high and low income," remarked Earl Johnson Jr., a retired justice of the California Court of Appeal. "In this country for some reason we are concerned more with individuals vs. government."

With law school graduates hurting for work, it may appear that there is a glut of lawyers. But many experts say that is a misunderstanding.

"We don't have an excess of lawyers," said Martin Guggenheim, a law professor at New York University. "What we have is a miserable fit. In many areas like family and housing law, there is simply no private bar to go to. You couldn't find a lawyer to help you even if you had the money because there isn't a dime to be made in those cases."

Even in situations where an individual is up against a state prosecutor and jail may result, not every jurisdiction provides lawyers to the defendants. In Georgia, those charged with failing to pay child support face a prosecutor and jail but are not supplied with a lawyer.

Presley lost his job in the recession and fell way behind on support payments for his four children. In 2011 he was jailed after a court proceeding without a lawyer in which he said he could not pay what he owed. He was brought back to court, shackled, every month or two. Each time he said he still could not pay. Each time he was sent back.

A year later he contacted a public defender who handles only criminal cases but who sent his case to the Southern Center for Human Rights. Atteeyah Hollie, a lawyer there, got him released that same day, helped him find work and set up a payment plan.

An important service lawyers can provide defendants like Presley is knowledge of what courts want – receipts of medical treatment, evidence of job search, bank account statements. On their own, many people misstep when facing a judge.

In Adel, Ga., a town of 5,000, child support court meets monthly. On a recent morning, a dozen men in shackles and jail uniforms faced Chuck Reddick, a state prosecutor, on their second or third round in court.

"In most cases, they simply can't pay," said John P. Daughtrey, who was sheriff here until losing an election in November. "An attorney could explain to the judge why jail is not the solution and how to fix it. As a sheriff, I want criminals in my jail, not a debtor's prison."

Reddick and Judge Carson Dane Perkins of Cook County Superior Court in Adel both said they would welcome lawyers for defendants because it would make the process clearer and smoother.

"If we could extend the right to a lawyer to civil procedures where you face a loss of liberty, that would be good," Perkins said. "Lawyers can get affidavits from employers and help make cases for those who can't pay."

The Southern Center for Human Rights has filed a class-action suit seeking a guarantee of a lawyer for such cases in Georgia. Sarah Geraghty, a lawyer there, said the center had received thousands of calls from Georgians facing child support hearings. Among them was Russell Davis, a Navy veteran with post-traumatic stress disorder who was jailed three times and lost his apartment and car while in jail.

Georgia also offers a case study on the mismatch between lawyers and clients. According to the Legal Services Corp., 70 percent of the state's lawyers are in the Atlanta area, while 70 percent of the poor live outside it. There are six counties without a lawyer and dozens with only two or three.

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